The following article was written as an assignment for the Analytical Reading and Writing class.
When the
Japan's Ministry of Agriculture announced that they planned to certify authentic Japanese restaurants overseas in November 2006, many foreign media including
The Washington Post,
Financial Times, and The Independent reported it and criticized the attempt with the strong words like "sushi police"(
Sanchanta) It was also condemned by the chefs around the world as "meaningless" (
Lewis). This news drew so much attention that one of the officials of the Japan's Foreign Ministry had to admit finally that it became a "PR catastrophe" (
Lewis). As Japanese food has become popular in recent years around the world, the number of Japanese restaurants overseas has dramatically increased. It is estimated around 25,000 by 2007 ("
Proposal" 2) and would be 48,000 by 2009 (
Faiola). Especially in the U.S., the number of Japanese restaurants increased rapidly to about 9,000 by 2006, which is more than doubled in the previous ten years. This increase is one of the reasons why the Japanese Government launched this certifying program. The Government strongly concerned that in the long run some of the restaurants might gradually damage the reputation of Japanese cuisine due to the poor culinary skills and knowledge about Japanese cuisine of the chefs working there and insufficient sanitary management in the restaurants. In order to maintain the original quality of Japanese cuisine and present the traditional Japanese cuisine correctly, the Japanese authority finally decided to tell the people in the world what the authentic Japanese food is through certifying Japanese restaurants outside of Japan.
Before the Japanese Government actually announced the details of the certifying program, many critics who were against this idea opposed it saying that Japan does not have any authority to define and evaluate authentic Japanese cuisine that is once localized outside of Japan because Japan itself has localized many kinds of food from abroad. One of the main reasons for this is that what made sushi globally so popular is its adoption to the local food-tastes by the local chefs. According to them, California rolls with avocado greatly helped transform traditional Japanese sushi into more palatable food for ordinary Americans (
Sanchanta). Seaweed rolls with smoked salmon and cream cheese are a typical example of the localized Japanese food popular in the U.S. (
Faiola). Aren't these considered as "Japanese food"? After all, Japan itself is the country that has adopted many kinds of foreign foods throughout history. For examples,
tempura, which is believed to be Japanese now, was originally from Portugal and
ramen noodles came from China. Both were adopted into Japanese food long time ago and now became one of the most popular foods in Japan (
DPA). Even today, spaghetti topped with mentaiko (spicy cod roe) is found at an Italian restaurant and a rice burger can be ordered at a hamburger shop (
Sanchanta).
The Washington Post even sees the plan as "another expression of resurgent Japanese nationalism" (
Faiola). While adopting and modifying foreign cuisine from abroad, it does not make any sense for Japanese in telling the authenticity of their own foods and blame other localized Japanese foods outside of Japan. Food has changed and will change influenced by other food cultures. Don't they evaluate any creativity in fusion-style Japanese cuisine at all? (Actually, fusion is one of the popular cuisine styles in many Japanese restaurants in the U.S. today.) Overall, there is no merit for the Japanese restaurants abroad to be distinguished authentic or phony. As all the news shows, the notion that only the Japanese Government can tell what is good and what is bad is not acceptable outside of Japan.
However, some restaurants, in fact, operate under the guise of a Japanese restaurant without offering essential ingredients for Japanese cuisine. As a whole, it may lead to misrepresent traditional Japanese culture and food. According to the survey on the Japanese restaurants in major 21 cities in the world done by the Agriculture Ministry for
the Advisory Council for Japanese Restaurant Recommendation Program in 2006, most of the Japanese restaurants were ran by the private owners and on average, less than 10% of them were owned by Japanese or Japanese descents. The percentage of the chefs who has experience of training at a Japanese cooking school or working at a traditional Japanese restaurant as a chef is much less than that. The number of the chefs who were actually licensed back in Japan is very small. These numbers show that many of the chefs working at Japanese restaurants abroad do not seem to have had any chance to learn Japanese culinary properly. It can be assumed that a quite many of them just followed someone's example and studied by themselves. The same situation is also confirmed by Masashi Yamagata, who is the Vice-president of the All Japan Sushi Association and also a guest speaker at the Second Advisory Panel for the Japanese Restaurant Recommendation Program hold by the Agriculture Ministry in February 2007. One of the main activities of his national organization is to dispatch sushi instructors to conduct workshops and give lectures on sushi making all over the world. What he found there was the facts that many chefs only have very poor knowledge of how to prepare raw fish in safe and sanitary conditions. According to him, sanitary condition in the kitchen is the most important point in sushi making to eliminate the risk of germ and bacteria infection to raw fish. Germs and bacteria are usually killed by boiling or roasting, but since a sushi chef does not use fire for preparing sushi, he or she constantly has to run water while making sushi to keep his or her hands and the utensils completely clean. Sometimes Japan's hygiene standard conflicts with that in the foreign country. The members of the organization then have to solve the problem by adjusting the Japan's hygiene standard to the local circumstances and rules while maintaining the original quality of the food. For example, there were strict sanitation guidelines for restaurants in Los Angeles. They were required to keep their hot food in 60ºC (140ºF) or above and cold food in 5ºC (41ºF) or below before they serve the food to the customers. Sushi does not fit in these guidelines because vinegared sushi rice is supposed to be kept in 37-38ºC (98-100ºF) almost as same as the warmth of a human hand. In order to solve this problem, the members of the organization asked the health officials to ease the restrictions for sushi. As a result, they got an agreement that the health officials are not going to regulate it within three hours after cooking rice (the rice has to be discarded after that). This negotiation with the public bureau could not be done by any one but the representatives of the association that have the proper knowledge and culinary skills of making sushi.
A sushi chef also has to know about many kinds of raw fish in detail to be able to control the quality of them. There is no way to share the kitchen space with meat cooking due to the risk of food poisoning or parasite infection. All of these are very basic knowledge for licensed sushi-chefs in Japan (280,000 chefs in 2007), but it does not seem to be widely shared with the counterparts outside of Japan where there is no such license required at all. If the workshops or lectures were given and the chef could receive the certificates, it may greatly help to improve the quality of the restaurant and as a whole raise the level of the Japanese restaurants in the area. Once food poisoning repeatedly occurs in some Japanese restaurants abroad, sushi may be regarded as something not safe to eat. That would be a nightmare for Japan and other Japanese restaurants in the world. Actually, many food-poisoning cases at Japanese restaurants have been reported in Moscow recently due to the insufficient hygiene management in the kitchen space. To prevent this kind of accidents, a certain type of certifying system to assure the basic knowledge and skills of original Japanese cuisine is desirable. In order to upgrade the quality of the Japanese cuisine abroad from the bottom, the Japanese Government started a certifying system for the Japanese restaurants abroad which provide low-quality cuisines and operate with poor culinary skills and insufficient hygiene management.
Further more, the knowledge and culinary skills to handle and process raw fish are the basic requirements for the chefs working at Japanese restaurants. The Japanese Government can provide them in order to correct misrepresentation of the original Japanese foods. Indeed, Japan has already started acting on it and is producing the great results. The certifying program is actually very different from what the foreign news media reported. There is no 'sushi police' at all. It is a rewarding system to support overseas Japanese restaurants that need help. After receiving
the Proposal for Japanese Restaurant Recommendation Program in March 2007, the Agriculture Ministry set up the NPO called the
Organization to Promote Japanese Restaurants Abroad (
JRO). Now it has set up its 18 branch offices with the local Japanese restaurants and food companies in major big cities in the world to support Japanese restaurants in the area. Currently it is building a worldwide network and helping to establish the Japanese Restaurant Association in each area. It has not launched the certifying activities yet, but has already started its mission to develop human resources for Japanese cuisine through conducting many workshops of culinary skills and hygiene managements of Japanese foods for the chefs and managers around the world. They have also held business conferences for developing new Japanese cuisine menu and helped importing Japanese ingredients from Japan for the restaurants ("
Activities"). Although the activity progresses little by little, through these varieties of practical workships for Japanese-restaurants staffs, the quality of Japanese restaurants abroad will surely improve. As a result, the consumers also gain benefits from the activity.
Moreover, Japan is not the only country that attempts this kind of certifying system. Thai and Italy also have their own certifying systems for the national restaurants abroad. The Thai system called "Thai Select" started in 1999 and the Italian one called "Ristorante Italiano" started in 2003. Both are very rigid and detailed, which may not be the appropriate examples for Japan to follow. On the other hand, the recommendation system called "Japanese Restaurant Upgrading Committee" supported by
JETRO (
Japan External Trade Organization) has already started certifying the local Japanese restaurants in Paris. The reason it was set up is that there were so many Japanese restaurants that offer pseudo-Japanese foods and many French people believed that they were authentic. The committee gives the logo to the certified restaurants assuring that the restaurant offers orthodox and traditional Japanese cuisine. Through this certifying system, the restaurant can add an extra value to promote its business. Even it fails to be certified, the staff then knows which points need to be improved and has an incentive to get certified. At the same time, the certifying organization knows through consulting what the local restaurants actually need so that it can prepare the ingredients or give beneficial advice for them. The system always comes with the backup support for the restaurants. It helps and motivates those who have an intention to improve their cuisine and services. This is not a mundane inspection for all the Japanese restaurants abroad such as "sushi police." It is a rewarding system and doesn't conflict with the idea of localization of Japanese food at all.
Among Japanese restaurants in the world, many of them seem to lack the basic culinary skills and knowledge of Japanese cuisine. To upgrade them and promote more high-quality Japanese foods, there are many things that a Japanese organization can do. One of them is to give lectures and workshops of the basic culinary skills, the knowledge of original Japanese cuisine, and the sanitary management to the chefs working at Japanese restaurants. Under this system, they can recommend the restaurants as safe and high quality for the consumers. They are both good and beneficial for not only the chefs, but also the consumers to check the restaurants and Japan's exporting companies to expand their business. It may take a time to see the visible results, but this certifying system will surely bring much better food circumstances for the restaurant staffs, the consumers, and the people involved in this business. On the whole, introducing a national culture to the world is an essential strategy to raise the bar on quality standards of the national food in the world.
